An Analysis of the Practices in Mahāyāna and Theravāda Buddhism

Abstract

This study aims to analyze and compare the practices of the two major schools of Buddhism Theravāda and Mahāyāna, focusing on their ethical goals, methods of meditation and cultivation of wisdom, interpretation of scriptures, as well as the roles of monks and laypeople. The research is qualitative in nature, employing documentary research as its main methodology. Primary sources include the Tipiṭaka, canonical texts, and academic literature related to both traditions.                  A selection of 20 key documents was used as the sample for in-depth content analysis. The population of the study includes relevant Buddhist texts and academic works from both schools, while the sample comprises carefully selected documents that address the core issues under investigation. A data recording form was developed as a research instrument to systematically extract key information in line with a Buddhist philosophical framework. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis, with emphasis on identifying key themes, synthesizing ideas, and comparing the philosophical approaches.

The findings indicate that although the two traditions differ in their ultimate spiritual goals Theravāda emphasizes the attainment of arahantship, whereas Mahāyāna aspires toward bodhisattvahood both are grounded in the same foundational principles of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The differences observed in their practices and social roles reflect cultural adaptability and the diversity of interpretations within Buddhism. The study reveals that this diversity, rather than being a source of division, offers valuable opportunities for philosophical exchange and integration. Such comparative insights can serve as a vital foundation for the creative and sustainable development of Buddhism in the contemporary global context.