Arak, Nat, Nyatha: Protective Ghosts in the Context of Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Societies

Abstract

This article explores the concept of guardian spirits within Thailand and its neighboring countries. Drawing upon historical documents and scholarly research, the study is presented in the form of an academic paper. Findings indicate that the notion of guardian spirits is intrinsically linked to the broader concept of ghosts, which are deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of Southeast Asian societies. This connection underscores the longstanding presence of ghost beliefs in the region. In Thailand, the term “Arak” is used; in Burma, “Nat”; and in Cambodia, “Nyatha”—each referring to elevated spiritual entities whose primary role is to protect and safeguard territorial boundaries. The manifestation of ghosts and guardian spirits reflects a shared cultural trait among Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian societies. These entities have historically fulfilled moral and social regulatory functions, evolving into enduring social norms that persist today. Contemporary understandings and beliefs surrounding spirits have further elevated their status, positioning them as guardians within the sociocultural framework of Southeast Asia.