Belief and Gender Sphere: Transgender Identity of Thai Buddhist Monks on Facebook

Abstract

The monastic gender identity is shaped by regulations—particularly the monastic code (Vinaya and Dhamma)—as well as social norms, with ideals and spiritual goals serving as core mechanisms for undertaking the monastic life. In contrast, gender identity associated with sexual orientation—commonly referred to using terms such as tut, taew, kathoey, and gay—is centered on personal preferences and desires. These two forms of gender identity differ significantly in both meaning and intent, especially when expressed through social media platforms like Facebook, where they are disseminated to a wider public audience. A study targeting Buddhist monks and novices—individuals who hold ordained status in the monastic community—reveals a dualistic reflection of gender identity expressed in ways aligned with personal preferences. This raises critical questions about why the Sangha permits such individuals to be ordained in the first place. These concerns extend to the principles prohibiting ordination, the original intent of ordination, and the monastic commitment that is meant to accompany it—rather than the self-expressed identity now frequently displayed on social media. The knowledge derived from this article indicates that the expression of gender identity represents an assertion of human rights, while also serving as a shared criterion for evaluating issues related to sexual rights and religious rights, as well as differing truths and attitudes that should guide solutions and resolutions to such issues.