The Basic Problem of Epistemology

Abstract

This academic article aims to explore the problems of epistemology. It finds that epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, sources, scope, and limitations of knowledge; the definition of knowledge; methods of justification; and issues related to perception, belief, and knowledge, as well as the principles underlying the justification of knowledge. Epistemology plays a crucial role in enhancing our understanding of everyday life, science, and ethics. Ongoing debates in the field include the possibility of attaining absolute truth and the inherent limitations of knowledge justification. The findings reveal that epistemological issues date back to ancient times, often revolving around the sources of knowledge—an enduring controversy between rationalism, represented by Plato and Descartes, and empiricism, represented by Hume. This eventually gave rise to Kant’s critical philosophy, which sought a middle ground by reconciling aspects of both traditions. Nonetheless, questions about the justification of knowledge and the relationship between belief and knowledge remain contentious. Contemporary epistemological studies thus tend to involve diverse interpretations shaped by individual perspectives, reflecting and affirming the pluralism that characterizes modern society.