The Source of Knowledge in Western World and Buddhist Philosophy

Abstract

This academic article explores the sources of knowledge. The study finds that the concept of a "source of knowledge" falls under the field of epistemology, which is concerned with human understanding-its nature, origins, scope, and the challenges of ensuring its accuracy. Western philosophical thought recognizes four main theories regarding the sources of knowledge: 1) rationalism – the belief that humans can attain truth through reason alone, without relying on sensory experience, 2) empiricism – the view that knowledge arises from sensory experiences, 3) intuitionism – the idea that self-knowledge originates from direct mental insight or intuition, and revelatory knowledge – the belief that knowledge can come from divine or supernatural revelation. In contrast, Theravāda Buddhist philosophy identifies two primary sources of knowledge: 1) Paratoghosa – knowledge gained from others, such as through listening or external experience and 2) Yonisomanasikāra – analytical reflection or careful reasoning based on deep contemplation.  Additionally, Buddhism describes three types of wisdom as sources of knowledge: 1) Cintāmaya-paññā – wisdom arising from logical reasoning, 2) Sutamaya-paññā – wisdom gained through listening or learning from others, 3) Bhāvanāmaya-paññā – wisdom developed through meditative practice and deep personal insight. A key conclusion from this study is that while Western epistemology includes theories that may or may not involve divine influence, Buddhist philosophy is entirely independent of any theistic framework.